Conditions

Definition

A hammer toe is a toe that is contracted at the proximal Interphalangeal joint (middle toe joint), potentially leading to severe pressure and pain. Ligaments and tendons that have tightened cause the toe's joints to curl downwards. Hammer toes may occur in any toe except the big toe. There is often discomfort at the top part of the toe joint due to rubbing against the shoe.
Hammer toes are classified based on the mobility of the toe joints. There are two types - flexible and rigid. In a flexible hammer toe, the joint has the ability to move. This type of hammer toe can be straightened manually, and possibly corrected with splinting. A rigid hammer toe does not have that same ability to straighten. Movement is very limited and can be extremely painful. This sometimes causes foot movement to become restricted leading to extra stress on the ball-of-the-foot, and possibly causing pain and the development of corns and calluses.

Cause

Hammer toes result from a muscle imbalance, which causes the ligaments and tendons to become unnaturally short and tight. This results in the joint curling downward. Arthritis can also lead to many different forefoot deformities, including hammer toes.

Treatment and Prevention

Changing the type of footwear worn is a very important step in the treatment of hammer toes. When choosing a shoe, make sure the toe box (toe area) is high and broad, and can accommodate the hammer toes. A shoe with a high, broad toe box will provide enough room in the forefoot area so that there is less friction against the toes.
Other conservative treatments include using products designed to relieve hammer toes, such as hammer toe crests and hammer toe splints. These devices will help hold down the hammer toe and provide relief to the joint. Gel toe shields and gel toe caps are also recommended to reduce friction between the shoe and the toe, while providing comfort and lubrication.
If the problem persists, consult your podiatrist.